The 1619 Project docuseries is a Hulu documentary series expanding on The 1619 Project initiative created by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones for The New York Times Magazine. The six-part series seeks to reframe the country’s history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of Black Americans at the very center of our national narrative. You can view the documentary series at hulu.com/series/the-1619-project.
Structure
Each episode of the series calls on historians, journalists, and community leaders to share their insight and expertise on the enduring legacy of slavery and its impact on our current society. Each episode contains information that could be useful for a variety of classroom contexts and weaves together multiple related themes and plotlines. It is possible for students to engage with these key themes without viewing the hour-length episodes in full, particularly if they are utilizing other 1619 Project materials as supplemental texts.
As such, we’ve created guides that allows for both thematic and linear viewing of each episode:
- In the About the Episode section of each guide, you will find a summary of the key themes, the relevant time stamps for those themes, and some supplemental texts from The 1619 Project to help deepen student understanding.
- In the following Linear Viewing Guide section, you will find a table that splits the episode into sections from start to finish with time stamps and discussion questions.
- At the end of each guide, you will find a Topic Index for the episode listing the key people, events, concepts, terms, and more to assist with lesson planning and standard alignment.
The 1619 Project is a Hulu documentary series expanding on The 1619 Project initiative created by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones for The New York Times Magazine. The six-part series seeks to reframe the country’s history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of Black Americans at the very center of our national narrative. You can view the documentary series at hulu.com/series/the-1619-project.
Episode 1: Democracy
“Democracy” explores the many ways in which Black Americans have fought to help the U.S. move toward the ideal of democracy it was founded on and the resistance they have routinely experienced in this work.
Themes in this episode include
- America’s Founding Mythology
- Black Patriotism and Advancement of Democracy
- Voter Disenfranchisement and Threats to Democracy
Some parts of this episode include footage of modern political moments and events like the January 6th Insurrection. We’ve marked sections with this footage with an asterisk so that teachers with restrictions on teaching current events in the classroom may review.
Some of the history and personal stories told in this episode are hard to listen to because they describe violence and painful events. We suggest having a classroom social-emotional learning protocol for engaging with hard histories and inviting students to think through how they can care for themselves when things are both important to know and difficult to listen to.
Some questions to consider before viewing:
- What is democracy? How have you heard it defined? What is the relationship between democracy and freedom?
- What do you already know about The 1619 Project? Where does this information come from? What do you expect to see or learn in this docuseries episode?
- Some of the history and personal stories told in this episode are hard to listen to because they describe painful events. What can we do to take care of ourselves when something is both important to hear and difficult to listen to?
Viewing Guide
Time Stamp | Main Topic | Questions to consider |
00:00-02:15 | Intro/Project Thesis | What does it mean to have a claim to something? What are some identities and communities you claim for yourself? What argument does Nikole Hannah-Jones make about Black Americans and the American flag in this introduction? Why might someone agree or disagree with her statement? |
02:15- 06:18 | The patriotism of Nikole’s father | What is patriotism? How have you heard it defined? What opinions have you heard about who should or should not be patriotic? |
06:18- 08:08 | Interlude: Contributions of Black Americans | Can you name any Black American historical figures who have contributed to advancing democracy? Are you familiar with any Black Americans working to advance democracy today? |
08:08- 14:25 | Voting and Disenfranchisement* | What do you know about the voting laws and restrictions in your state? Where could you find out more information about them? |
14:25- 15:20 | Interlude: Perfectors of Democracy | What is mythology? What do you think Nikole Hannah-Jones is referring to when she speaks of a “national mythology?” How do you think we can work to distinguish mythology from history? |
15:20- 21:48 | Revolutionary History/Dunmore’s Proclamation (The phrase “Get the hell out of here” is used) |
Did you know the history of Lord Dunmore and Dunmore’s Proclamation before? How does our understanding of the Revolutionary War change when this history is included? Woody Holton says, “If slaves had been as passive as I was taught they were, the revolution might not have come to the south.” What have you been taught about enslaved people’s resistance and agency? |
21: 48- 23:18 | Interlude: The Way History is Taught | Before the Mayflower, the book Nikole Hannah-Jones credits with sparking her journey to learn more about Black American history, has been banned in several schools and libraries. What impact do you think banning this and similar books can have on student learning? |
23:18- 24:30 | Interlude: Pushback to The 1619 Project* | Nikole Hannah-Jones compares the fight for the inclusion of enslavement in American history education to the ways that Black Americans have struggled for inclusion in American society. What parallels do you see between the two struggles? |
24:30- 29:50 | Civil War and Reconstruction | What did Abraham Lincoln hope freed Black people would do after the Civil War? Why was this proposal a racist one? According to W.E.B. Du Bois, Abraham Lincoln had to call in Black Americans to save the union, abolish slavery, and establish democracy. Du Bois seems to suggest that democracy did not exist before emancipation. In what ways do enslavement and democracy contradict each other? How did the “race neutral” voter suppression laws passed after Reconstruction specifically target Black men? What other demographics of people do you think could have also been impacted by these laws? |
29: 50- 31: 12 | Interlude: Black Fight for Democracy | What is the relationship between democracy and enfranchisement (gaining the right to vote)? |
31:12- 40:11 | Civil Rights/The SNCC Fight for Voting Rights (Descriptions of The Terror r and Brutalization Black Activists Faced) |
What kinds of pushback did activists during the Civil Rights era face in their pursuit of voting rights for Black Americans? Why do you believe that there was such great resistance to granting Black Americans the right to vote? Why does MacArthur Cotton believe some of that resistance still exists today? |
40:11- 41:35 | Interlude: Voting Rights Act | What events led to the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965? How did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 help to expand the legal rights of all Americans? |
41:35- 49:14 | Modern Restrictive Voting Laws* | What can we learn from the work of the Georgia Coalition for the People’s Agenda with the residents of Cosby Spear Tower? How has the 2013 Shelby v. Holder Supreme Court decision impacted voting rights across the nation? Do you agree that it demonstrates a community in crisis? |
49:14- 50:27 | Interlude: Black Freedom Struggles as Foundational | How have Black American freedom struggles been foundational to other struggles? What other freedom struggles are you interested in learning more about? |
50:27- 56:24 | Threats to Democracy in Modern Politics* |
How does the footage of recent political protests, rallies, and conflicts mirror or differ from the archival footage we see of other historical periods in the episode? What questions and emotions does the footage bring up for you? What do Stephan Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt identify as the warning signs of a threat to democracy? Why are these signs concerning? |
56:24- 58:15 | Hopes for the Future of Democracy | What does Mary-Pat Hector believe about legacy? Who are some individuals from your community you believe have important legacies to remember? |
58:15- 59:36 | Close/Black people as Solution | Nikole Hannah-Jones states her thesis from the beginning of the episode in a new way here. How has your understanding of her argument changed in your viewing? |
Some questions to consider after viewing:
- How has viewing this episode changed your understanding of the rights and liberties you have today? How has it changed your understanding of American democracy?
- How are imagery and audio used to help with storytelling in this episode? How is the experience of viewing the docuseries similar or different to reading the text?
- What additional research do you want to do about U.S. history after learning about the ways in which research can expand your understanding of a topic?
The 1619 Project is a Hulu documentary series expanding on The 1619 Project initiative created by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones for The New York Times Magazine. The six-part series seeks to reframe the country’s history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of Black Americans at the very center of our national narrative. You can view the documentary series at hulu.com/series/the-1619-project.
Episode 2: Race
“Race” explores the origins and legacies of racial categorization within the United States. The episode also investigates the racialized, gendered violence born out of enslavement and how it fueled the creation of mythologies about Black women’s sexuality and womanhood and contributes to the current Black maternal health crisis.
Themes in this episode include
- Origins and Legacies of Racial Categorization
- Reproductive Violence with the Institution of Slavery
- The Black Maternal Health Crisis
- Mythologies and Stereotypes Around Black Womanhood
Some parts of this episode include descriptions of the sexual and reproductive violence enslaved people faced. Other parts detail the effects of racism and medical negligence on Black maternal health, including pregnancy loss, infant mortality, and death. We’ve marked these sections and included content warnings for teachers to review and consider. We also suggest having a classroom social-emotional learning protocol for engaging with hard histories and inviting students to think through how they can care for themselves when things are both important to know and difficult to listen to.
Some questions to consider before viewing:
- What is race? When did you first become aware of different racial classifications? How important is racial identity to you?
- What do you know about the history of race and racism in the United States? How do you think race may be related to the history of enslavement?
- Some of the history and personal stories told in this episode are hard to listen to because they describe painful events. What can we do to take care of ourselves when something is both important to hear and difficult to listen to?
Viewing Guide
Time Stamp | Main Topic | Questions to Consider |
00:00- 03:04 | Intro: Nikole’s Family History | What do we learn about Nikole Hannah-Jones’ family? How do you think her family histories have informed her identity and work with this project? |
03:04-03:55 | Interlude: Racial Classifications in the U.S. | Are you familiar with the checkboxes for identifying racial identity that are mentioned in this section? If so, where have you seen them? What is the experience of selecting a racial category like for you? How might that be similar or different from what others experience when asked to self-identify in this way? |
03:56-05:55 | Personal Account: Racial Categorization | How can national origin impact understandings of race? How is Samuel Sarfo's experience with racial classification different from a typical American experience of race? |
05:56-06:35 | Interlude: Why Racial Classifications Exist | Hannah-Jones introduces the idea that race is not biological or physical, but invented as a power structure. How is this similar or different to the ways you’ve learned to think about race in the past? What questions do you have about this statement? |
06:35-10:04 | Origins of Racial Classification *mention of the rape of enslaved Black women |
Are you surprised to hear that these racial classifications did not originally exist in the colonies? How was the law the colonists put in place in 1662 different from the British law around lineage and status? Why did they make this choice? What was its impact? |
10:04- 11:53 | Interlude: Justifying the Institution of Slavery *describes medical abuse and experimentation on Black bodies |
How can cultural beliefs justify violent actions? Who were some of the people responsible for the cultural myths about Black people during America’s founding years? Did you know the history of James Simms and the origins of gynecology? What questions does it raise about ethics in medicine? What other medical fields are you interested in learning more about? |
11:53- 16:23 | Personal Account: Black Maternal Health *discussion of medical neglect |
Why is it important to collect data and statistics about issues like medical mistreatment? What other questions do you have after viewing these statistics? What was Chrissy Sample’s experience with her doctor? What choices did the doctor make that could be considered neglectful? |
16:23- 16:56 | Interlude: Sexual and Reproductive Abuse of Enslaved People | Why do you think the lived experiences of enslaved Black women were not well documented or recorded? How has the choice not to document these experiences led to erasure? |
16:56- 25:12 | Scope and Nature of Sexual Violence During Slavery *vivid descriptions assaults on enslaved women and forced reproduction |
Daina Berry describes feeling heavy while waking the grounds of the Butler plantation. Why might she feel that way? What feelings come up for you watching this section? What do Fanny Kemble’s journal entries reveal about the experiences of Black women on the Butler Island Plantation? What were some of her varied responses to these women? Hannah-Jones and Berry discuss the need to use precise language to describe these atrocities even if the words are uncomfortable. How does this practice combat the erasure of these histories? |
25:12 - 26:25 | Interlude: Forced Reproduction During Enslavement | Why were Black women’s reproductive abilities important to the institution of slavery? How did the ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade impact enslaved Black women in the United States? What is forced reproduction? How does it dehumanize the people impacted? |
26:25 - 27:55 | Interlude: Legacy of Black Infant Mortality | According to Daina Berry, what is the relationship between today’s infant mortality rates and those from enslavement? |
27:55- 29:56 | Personal Account: Black Maternal Health *pregnancy loss |
How does the way that medical professionals treated Chrissy Sample parallel the ways that (pregnant) enslaved Black women were treated? In what ways were enslaved Black people also managing life and death at the same time? |
29:56-34:03 | Understanding the Black Maternal Health Crisis | How can we explain the discrepancies between Black and white infant and maternal mortality rates? What responsibilities does Dr. Gillespie-Bell believe medical professionals have regarding bias? How do biases impact medical treatment? |
34:04-35:11 | Personal Account: Black Maternal Health | What additional mistreatment did Chrissy Sample and her family experience after the death of one of the twins? What do you think the long-term impact on them might be? |
35:12- 36:05 | Interlude: Reckoning With America’s Past | Dr. Gillespie-Bell claims that people can have a ‘visceral’ response to the term race. Why do you think this is? Why is it important to reckon with America’s racist past? |
36:06-36:28 | Transition: Snapshots of Black Life | What feelings does this footage evoke? How is it similar or different to snapshots of Black life you’ve seen in other documentaries? |
36:29-40:09 | Institutionalized Racial Classification Post-Enslavement | What was the Racial Integrity Act of 1924? Why was it created? What is the one-drop rule and what was its impact on society and culture? |
40:10-41:00 | Personal Account: Racial Categorization | What were some of the racial categories that Ashley Remkishun and Samuel Sarfo discovered? Have you heard of these categorizations before? |
41:01- 41:56 | Interlude: institutional and Social Barriers to Interracial Marriage | How did Nikole Hannah-Jones’ grandparents initially respond to her mother being in an interracial relationship? What do you imagine it took for the family to reconcile and come together in the end? Besides the law, what other barriers were there to interracial relationships? |
41:56-44:03 | Lawsuits on Racial Categorization and Marriage | What did the Loving v. Virginia ruling undo? What did the case fail to undo? |
44:03-44:21 | Interlude: Slavery’s Legacy in Racist Laws | What is one the legacies of racist laws? How do they continue to impact society? |
44:24-48:34 | Myths and Stereotypes About Black Women *sexual assault mentioned*sexually suggestive movie clip |
How did enslavement impact/influence the development of myths about Black women’s sexuality? How have stereotypes about Black women’s sexuality impacted social policy? What are the major caricatures of Black womanhood? Where can we see these caricatures? |
48:35-49:14 | Interlude: Race, Power, and Access | What is the relationship between race and power? |
49:15- 49:45 | Interlude: Nikole’s Reckoning With Racial Stereotypes | Nikole Hannah-Jones mentions her struggles to resolve all the stereotypes about Black women because of all the Black women she knows. Have you ever been stereotyped or witnessed someone being stereotyped? How did it make you feel? Have you ever heard a stereotype about a group of people that did not align with what you knew to be true about those people? |
49:46-52:06 | Personal Account: Black Maternal Health | What are Chrissy Sample’s hopes for other Black mothers? How do you think her experiences shaped those hopes? |
52:07-53:33 | Closing: The Way Forward | What steps can be taken to reconcile with America’s racist past? Dorothy Roberts suggests that a way forward is to listen to the voices of Black women and to take seriously their visions for a transformed society. What are your visions for society? What does a transformed world look like to you? |
Some questions to consider after viewing:
- How has viewing this episode changed your understanding of race and racial categorization? How has it changed your understanding of the history of enslavement?
- How are imagery and audio used to help with storytelling in this episode? How is the experience of viewing the docuseries similar or different to reading the text?
- What additional research do you want to do about U.S. history after learning about the ways in which research can expand your understanding of a topic?
The 1619 Project is a Hulu documentary series expanding on The 1619 Project initiative created by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones for The New York Times Magazine. The six-part series seeks to reframe the country’s history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of Black Americans at the very center of our national narrative. You can view the documentary series at hulu.com/series/the-1619-project.
Episode 3: Music
“Music” explores the role of Black American music as foundational to American pop culture and reflects on the Black American struggle for freedom and liberation throughout American history. It spotlights different eras and genres of Black American music while contextualizing the social and cultural realities that influenced the music of the time period. The episode also discusses the legacies of racism in American music and pop culture, tracing their origins back to blackface minstrel shows that began during slavery.
Themes in this episode include:
- Innovation and Cultural Memory in Black Music
- Racism in American Music and Pop Culture
Some parts of this episode include depictions of blackface minstrel shows and other racist images. We’ve marked these sections and included content warnings for teachers to review and consider. We also suggest having a classroom social-emotional learning protocol for engaging with hard histories and inviting students to think through how they can care for themselves when things are both important to know and difficult to listen to.
The intro to this episode includes a reference to alcohol consumption, and there is one section with some explicit language.
Some questions to consider before viewing:
- What is culture? How do you define your culture? How important is culture to you?
- What is the relationship between politics and culture? How can societal norms be reflected in culture? How can culture be used as a tool for resistance?
- Some of the history and personal stories told in this episode are hard to listen to because they describe painful events. What can we do to take care of ourselves when something is both important to hear and difficult to listen to?
Viewing Guide
Time Stamp | Main Topic | Questions To Consider |
00:00-02:59 | Introduction/Role of Black Music in Community *mention of alcohol & alcohol consumption at 01:39 |
How does the opening scene set the tone for the rest of the episode? What feelings do the images evoke for you?(if relevant) How is it similar to or different from the intros we see in other episodes? How important is music in your family, culture, and/or community? What are the occasions for playing different types of music? |
03:00-05:06 | Thesis/Black Music as Foundational | Are any of the images of Black music artists depicted in this section familiar to you? If so, have you previously considered them a part of a long cultural tradition? If not, what is an image that stands out to you? How can you learn more about the artists and their place in Black cultural tradition? Nikole Hannah-Jones constitutes that the ingenuity, invention, intuition, and improvisation recognizable in Black American music have become core parts of broader American culture. What do these words mean, and where have you seen examples of them in the media and pop culture you engage with? |
05:07- 09:44 | Significance and Impact of Motown | Wesley Morris describes “Just My Imagination” by the Temptations as soft like cashmere. Listen to this and some of the other songs played in this section. How would you describe them? Are any of the songs familiar to you? According to Morris, what was the cultural impact of Motown in both Black and white communities? |
09:45-11:13 | Music as an Argument for Humanity | Hannah-Jones and Morris make a distinction between Black artists making music that is “unmistakably Black” and Black artists making music or performing “in white face.” How do you understand the difference they’re naming? Why is it important that music can be “unmistakably Black” and still attractive to non-Black audiences? Do you agree with Morris’ sentiment that music can be an argument for humanity? What other tools and mediums have you seen Black artists utilize as a representation of their humanity? |
11:14-13:28 | Spirituals of Enslaved Black People | Nikole Hannah-Jones and Fredara Hadley introduce the idea that the Negro spirituals of enslaved Black people were the first American folk music. How does this inform or challenge your understanding of folk music in America? What are the elements of folk spiritual music that Hadley identifies? How did these elements differentiate the Negro spirituals from European hymns? |
13:29-16:51 | Origins and Impact of Blackface Minstrelsy *multiple depictions of blackface and minstrel shows |
How did seeing the footage of white performers in blackface make you feel? What does the popularity of these types of performances tell us about race and racism during that period of American history? Hadley provides a framework for answering some of the moral and ethical questions around blackface and appropriation. She suggests we ask who the music is for, who got to craft it, and who benefits financially from it. Are you able to answer these questions for most of the music you consume? Are there any questions you would add to this list? What are some of the lasting legacies of blackface minstrelsy Morris identifies? Do you recognize them in any of the media you consume? |
16:52-21:08 | Fisk Jubilee Singers and the Concert Spiritual | How did the Fisk Jubilee Singers reimagine the sound of the Negro spiritual? What was the impact of this innovation? How did current Fisk University students celebrate the 150th anniversary of the group? What do you imagine the experience was like for them? |
21:08-22:44 | Interlude: Blues to Jazz | Hannah-Jones tells us that the Blues emerged from songs sung by Black people picking cotton and led to the development of Jazz, which Hadley describes as the sound of collective liberation. What can we infer about the role Blues music played for Black American communities during this time period? What themes do you think Blues music may have focused on? |
22:45-26:40 | White Responses to Jazz and Motown *some depictions of Black performers engaging in minstrelsy for white audiences |
What concerns and fears did some white people have about Jazz music when it was first developing? In what ways did some artists, like Louis Armstrong, feel the need to respond to these concerns? What argument does Wesley Morris make about Motown and minstrelsy? How does his reflection relate to Otis Williams’ statement that Motown music was like a “soothing ointment?” |
26:41-34:13 | Funk and Disco *some profanity in Nile Rodgers’ discussion about writing “Freak Out” |
What are some of the themes Black artists in the late 1960s and the 1970s included in their songs? How did they differ from the previous Motown sounds? Have you heard the term “respectability politics” before? How would you explain it? What was the proof for Black people in this era that respectability politics was not working as a strategy for liberation? What are some of the things Nile Rodgers loves about Funk and Disco music? How does his continued work and impact in the music industry speak to the legacy of Funk and Disco in American popular music? |
34:13-38:39 | White Backlash to Funk and Disco | What pushback occurred to the rising popularity and inclusivity of Funk and Disco music? In what ways was it similar or different to the pushback to Jazz music described earlier on? How did the anti-disco wave impact Rodgers’ band Chic? What is your response to the point Hannah-Jones and Rodgers surface about audiences loving Rodgers’ writing and music but wanting to see it delivered through white artists? Have you seen other examples of this in pop culture? |
38:40-47:07 | Hip-Hop | What role did Rodgers play in shaping Hip-Hop? Why were Hip-Hop and Rap accessible forms of music for Black youth to engage in? How did the genre build on generations of Black music and culture? What does Hadley’s anecdote about the song “Motherless Child” illustrate about the role of music sampling in cultural memory? How does Rapsody infuse cultural memory into her music? |
47:08-51:31 | Black Music That Defies Genre | “Feeling Good” is one of Nina Simone’s most sampled and covered songs. Why do you think it resonates with so many people? How does it defy genre? How does Brittany Howard describe the music she makes? How does her work challenge our understanding of which genres of American music qualify as Black? |
51:32-54:42 | Interlude: Racism in the Recording Industry | How did the music recording industry reflect the racist norms of society at its founding? In what ways does the industry still have barriers for Black artists? How does this section inform your understanding of the distinction between collaboration and appropriation or minstrelsy? |
54:43-58:18 | Closing/Freedom in Black Music | What does freedom mean to you? Why do you think freedom is significant to artists in general and Black artists especially? Do you know what freedom looks and sounds like for you in your everyday life? What is a place or activity that helps you feel free? |
Some questions to consider after viewing:
- How did this episode impact your understanding of the relationship between politics and culture? How have race and racism impacted American music? In what ways have African Americans utilized music in their struggles for liberation?
- How are imagery and audio used to help with storytelling in this episode? How is the experience of viewing the docuseries similar to or different from reading the text?
- What additional research do you want to do about U.S. history after learning about the ways in which research can expand your understanding of a topic?
The 1619 Project is a Hulu documentary series expanding on The 1619 Project initiative created by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones for The New York Times Magazine. The six-part series seeks to reframe the country’s history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of Black Americans at the very center of our national narrative. You can view the documentary series at hulu.com/series/the-1619-project.
Episode 4: Capitalism
“Capitalism” explores the ways in which the institution of enslavement impacted the development of American capitalism. It delves into the particular brutality engendered by America’s low-grade capitalism, including the quality of life of American workers and barriers to unionization. Lastly, the episode documents the experiences of low-wage workers and current efforts to create a formidable labor movement.
Themes in this episode include:
- Defining Characteristics of American Capitalism
- Unionization and Labor Organizing
- Impact of Capitalism in Black Communities
Some parts of this episode include descriptions of violence and brutality on slave labor camps during the institution of American chattel slavery. Other parts recount the exploitation of American workers in the modern day. We suggest having a classroom social-emotional learning protocol for engaging with hard histories and inviting students to think through how they can care for themselves when things are both important to know and difficult to listen to.
Some questions to consider before viewing:
- What is capitalism? How have you heard it defined? What connotation does the word have for you?
- Some of the history and personal stories told in this episode are hard to listen to because they describe painful events. What can we do to take care of ourselves when something is both important to hear and difficult to listen to?
Viewing Guide
Time Stamp | Main Topic | Questions to Consider |
00:00-01:23 | Introduction | The spoken word poem we hear in this intro is “Whitey on the Moon,” by Gil Scott-Heron. Written in 1970, it is situated between imagery from the Apollo 11 spacecraft launch in 1969 and imagery from a personal spaceflight by Jeff Bezos in 2021. What is the poem expressing and critiquing? Why might people find it as relevant today as they did in 1970? |
01:24-03:06 | Defining American Capitalism | What are Seth Rockman’s critiques of general definitions of capitalism? Why is it important to have clear and accessible definitions of terms like capitalism? According to Robin D.G. Kelley, what is the myth of American capitalism? What is the reality of American capitalism? |
03:07-04:15 | Interlude: Disparities in American Society | What has the COVID-19 pandemic revealed about disparities in America? Do those disparities redefine the way you think about the country? |
04:16-08:09 | Personal Account: Nikole and Chimiere *single use of profanity in conversation |
In this section, Nikole Hannah-Jones and her cousin Chimiere Tillman reflect on the jobs their fathers worked throughout their lives. What are some of the jobs they mention and what impacts did that labor have on both men? Both Hannah-Jones and Tillman become emotional recounting these stories. Why do you think that is? What is your emotional response listening to them? |
08:10-09:04 | Interlude: Low Road Capitalism | What does it mean to “take the low-road?” What might be some defining components of “low-road capitalism?” |
09:05-12:26 | Forms of Labor Exploitation *pictures and images from slave labor camps |
According to Professor Rockman, what are the origins of the claim that slavery was not profitable? American chattel-slavery fueled business and economics from the first colonial settlements through the Industrial Revolution. Why is it important to understand chattel slavery as a national institution and not just a southern one? How were other nations in exchange with America during this period of time complicit in the exploitation of labor from enslaved people? Rockman names continuous efforts to find and implement coercive mechanisms that hold people in place and exploit their labor in the American workplace as a legacy of slavery. How did slavery impact/shape the culture of the American workplace? Can you think of examples of what this looks like in practice today? |
12:27-15:32 | Personal Account: Derrick Palmer | Did you know that Amazon is the second-largest employer in the United States? How does this knowledge expand our understanding of the number of people and communities affected by the exploitative and dangerous labor practices the company is under investigation for? How do you think prioritizing productivity over employee safety impacts a work environment? How might it impact an employee even after they leave that work environment? |
15:33-17:59 | Record Keeping on Plantations *pictures and images from slave labor camps |
Nikole Hannah-Jones describes American capitalism as historically demanding “productivity for profit at the expense of human beings.” How does this framing help us to better understand the throughline between the exploitative institution of chattel slavery and labor exploitation today? Have you seen a slave ledger like the one Caitlin Rosenthal shares before? Why is it important to understand the meticulous recordkeeping systems enslavers had in place? How does it contradict the imaginary version of plantations Rosenthal describes? In workplace culture today, performance statistics are often legitimized and celebrated. Why do you think that is the case? Are there any ways in which this practice may be harmful? |
18:00-19:00 | Interlude: The Amazon Assembly Line | What system of performance tracking is used for workers on an Amazon workplace assembly line? How does this system impact the workers on the line? How does it resemble the performance tracking in plantation account books? |
19:01-21:05 | Determining Value From Labor | How does it feel to learn about the ways enslavers assigned and tracked the monetary value of enslaved people? Why is determining a person’s value from their potential labor production an act of dehumanization? Catilin Rosenthal explains that enslaved people were aware of the ways their enslavers assigned value to them and used that knowledge strategically. Have you been taught about any other ways enslaved people used strategy in their lives? |
21:06-23:21 | Personal Account: Chimiere | How long has Chimiere Tillman been working? Why has it been difficult to sustain herself and her family despite that amount of labor? |
23:21-26:12 | Interlude: Capitalism and Race | Are you surprised to see the statistics on wealth disparity between white and Black families? Why do you think such a great disparity exists? Why does Nikole argue that race and capitalism will never be inseparable in America? How does Robin D. G. Kelley support this argument in his explanation of racial capitalism? Why could Derrick Palmer’s experience at Amazon be considered an example of racial capitalism? How do the statistics shared about the racial makeup of workers at his facility and in senior leadership at the company support this argument? |
26:13-29:59 | Personal Account: Jennifer Bates | How did locals initially respond to Amazon coming to Bessemer? How did the reality of Amazon coming differ from the hope that it initially offered? How does Jennifer Bates describe her experiences working at Amazon? Why did Bates decide to stay at Amazon despite these experiences? |
30:00-31:12 | Interlude: Nationwide Worker Strikes | What are some of the differences Nikole Hannah-Jones lists between the United States and other modern capitalist societies? Why do you think those differences exist? Were you aware of any of the strikes mentioned in this section? Do you know of any workers in your community who are striking now? Where can you learn more about them? |
31:12-33:34 | Labor Organizing at Amazon | Why did Derrick Palmer and his colleagues decide to strike? How were these motivations similar to those of the Amazon workers fighting to unionize in Bessemer? |
33:35-36:28 | Interlude: History of Union Destabilization | What are some potential explanations for the low union participation rate in the United States? What was the response to unionization efforts of the 1930s and 1940s? What are some of the long-term impacts of this response? What does Robin D. G. Kelley describe as the popular corporate response to unionization efforts today? |
36:28-40:29 | Labor Organizing at Amazon | What strategies did Amazon utilize to destabilize their employees’ efforts to unionize? How did this response impact the workplace? What are a few of the steps Derrick Palmer and his colleagues had to take in forming their unions? Why might it be challenging for workers to see a unionization effort through to the end? |
40:30-45:49 | Brutality of American Capitalism | The institution of American chattel slavery required the theft of land from Native American Peoples. How does the example provided about the stripping of 23 million acres from the Creek nation demonstrate “low-road” capitalism in a different way? How do Douglas A. Blackmon and Nikole Hannah-Jones term convict leasing as ‘slavery by another name.’ In what ways does convict leasing parallel enslavement? How does this section illustrate the relationship between capitalism and land? What questions do you have about the history of the land in your own community after viewing? |
45:50-46:21 | Interlude: The Cost of Tax Breaks | Where does the money used on government tax breaks to companies like Amazon come from? How is this burdensome to everyday citizens? |
46:22-48:46 | Labor Organizing at Amazon | What was the outcome of the initial attempt to unionize the Amazon facility in Bessemer? Why was Jennifer Bates suspicious about these results? |
48:47-50:46 | Obstacles to Unionizing | What are some of the barriers to unionizing that have existed historically in the United States? Robin D. G. Kelley shares a W.E.B. Du Bois quote about commitment to whiteness being a paltry wage. What do Kelley and Du Bois suggest could be gained by white workers engaging in solidarity with others over labor rights? |
50:48-54:19 | Labor Organizing at Amazon | The Amazon workers at the JFK8 facility in Staten Island were able to successfully unionize. What did the victory mean to Derrick Palmer? We see a clip from a speech by Chris Smalls, president of the new Amazon labor union, in which he addresses Jeff Bezos. How does his statement relate to the one made by Bezos in the introduction of this episode? Nikole Hannah-Jones shares that union activists in 2022 won more elections than they had in 20 years. Why do you believe that we are currently witnessing an increase in efforts to unionize? |
54:20-55:46 | Interlude: What Covid Revealed | What was Chimiere Tillman’s experience with stimulus checks during the pandemic? What does it suggest about the potential of government programs that invest directly in people? Why does reflecting on this experience make Tillman emotional? |
55:48-58:24 | Closing: Combating Barriers and moving forward | What does Robin D. G. Kelley say must be done in order to make sure that race is not a dividing factor in social movements/labor efforts? What does solidarity mean to you? How can we go about building solidarity? According to Hannah-Jones, American capitalism requires complicity. What does it mean to be complicit? What, in your opinion, would be required to avoid complicity in low-road capitalism? |
Some questions to consider after viewing:
- How has listening to this episode changed your understanding of the ways in which the United States profited off the labor of enslaved people? How has it changed your understanding of labor exploitation in America today?
- How are imagery and audio used to help with storytelling in this episode? How is the experience of viewing the docuseries similar or different to reading the text?
- What additional research do you want to do about U.S. history after learning about the ways in which research can expand your understanding of a topic?
The 1619 Project is a Hulu documentary series expanding on The 1619 Project initiative created by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones for The New York Times Magazine. The six-part series seeks to reframe the country’s history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of Black Americans at the very center of our national narrative. You can view the documentary series at hulu.com/series/the-1619-project.
Episode 5: Fear
“Fear” explores the cycle of policies, policing practices, and organized violence over the last three centuries of U.S. history in response to a perpetual fear of Black people, Black protest, and Black freedom. The episode investigates the surveillance and control of Black people on both the interpersonal and systemic levels as a legacy of slavery, specifically a lasting legacy of slave patrols and slave codes implemented out of fear that enslaved people would self-emancipate and/or rebel.
Themes in this episode include:
- (History of) Government Policies Restricting Black Freedoms
- The Impact of Surveillance and Violent Control on Black Lives
Many parts of this episode include depictions of violence against Black people. There are clips, videos, and images depicting police violence, weaponry, and militarized response to protests. There are also clips from news reports with descriptions of violence that may be triggering to hear. We’ve marked these sections and included content warnings for teachers to review and consider. We also suggest having a classroom social-emotional learning protocol for engaging with hard histories and inviting students to think through how they can care for themselves when things are both important to know and difficult to listen to.
Some questions to consider before viewing:
- What is a stereotype? How can stereotypes be harmful? What harmful stereotypes exist about people who share your identities or live in your community? What harmful stereotypes might people in your community hold about others?
- Fear is a strong emotional response that can influence our actions and decisions and even the ways we interact with others. Some of our fears are connected to data, experience, and other evidence of danger around us, and some are tied to our own anxieties and assumptions that are removed from real threat. What tools can we use to distinguish between these two types of fear for ourselves? How can we better understand the fears of others?
- Some of the history and personal stories told in this episode are hard to listen to because they describe painful events. What can we do to take care of ourselves when something is both important to hear and difficult to listen to?
Viewing Guide
Time Stamp | Main Topic | Questions to Consider |
00:00-02:16 | Introduction: The Fears That Define Us | Nikole Hannah-Jones tells a story about her Great-Uncle Milton. What purpose did the Tallahatchie River serve in his moment of fear? What do we learn about other ways the river was used? What are the two types of fear Hannah-Jones argues were present in the Mississippi Delta region historically? How are these fears distinct from one another? How are they related? What parts of this introduction resonate with you? What elements do you have more questions about? |
02:17-04:06 | Ahmaud Arbery and the Policing of Black Men *footage of police brutality *some profanity in video clip |
Have you seen the footage of this police interaction with Ahmaud Arbery before? What reasons did the police give for stopping and threatening Ahmaud Arbery? Were their stated fears supported by the evidence around them at the time? |
04:07-06:04 | Thesis: An Epidemic of Brutality *footage of police brutality |
Hannah-Jones states that we have been inundated with images of violence against Black Americans. How might the American public be impacted by these scenes of violence? How might they affect Black Americans specifically? What are some of the ways Hannah-Jones suggests our politics, culture, and systems of justice have been shaped by the culture of violence born out of enslavement? How familiar are you with the policies and systems she names? |
06:05-11:06 | The Haitian Revolution & Its Impact on Fear and Policing in the United States *depictions of violence in the Haitian Revolution *depictions of violence from slave patrols in the United States *some profanity in video clip |
According to Professor Leslie Alexander, what were the colonists fearful of? What evidence and primary sources do we have to support this interpretation of the time period? What was the Haitian Revolution? Have you learned about the history of the Haitian Revolution before? Why is understanding this event important to understanding government and politics in the United States and the rest of the world at this time? What were slave codes? Why were they enacted? Professor Alexander describes being haunted by a slave code from Charlseton, South Carolina, that prohibited enslaved people from partaking in expressions of joy. Why might learning about this law have affected her in that way? What emotions come up for you while learning the history in this section? Slave patrols were a system of policing developed to enforce slave codes. What was the penalty for white colonists who did not want to participate in slave patrols? What do Alexander and Hannah-Jones suggest are the lasting legacies of this system? |
11:07-13:47 | Legacy of the Slave Patrol — White Americans Policing Black Americans |
The video clips in this section show recent incidents of racial stereotyping and harassment of Black people. How do they inform the argument Alexander and Hannah-Jones are making about surveillance of Black people as a legacy of slavery? Hannah-Jones explains that accountability for white Americans who surveil and harm Black Americans is rare, especially when crimes are committed at the hands of police. Do you know of any systems of accountability for this type of harm in your community? What do you think accountability should look like? |
13:48-15:04 | Interlude: Cecil Hayes *footage of police brutality |
What are some of the fears Cecil Hayes describes Black parents living with? How does he describe this affecting his daily lived experience? |
15:05-22:37 | Jemel Roberson’s Story *footage of police brutality *some profanity *footage of shooting - no bodies, just gunshots heard |
Why does Avontea Boose, Jemel Roberson’s girlfriend, believe that Officer Ian Covey shot Roberson? What did Curtis Berry and other witnesses at the scene do in an attempt to help Covey make a more informed decision?How did Avontea Boose and Garret Taylor describe Jemel Roberson? What were his dreams? How does her description differ from the assumptions Ian Covey made about him as a Black man? What argument did Ian Covey’s defense team use? How does it compare to the defense used in similar cases? |
22:38-23:56 | Interlude: The License To Kill *footage of police brutality *depictions of violence from slave patrols in the United States |
What is qualified immunity? Why can it be seen as giving police officers a “license to kill?” What similarities does Nikole-Hannah Jones identify between tactics used by the slave patrols and tactics employed in modern policing? |
23:57-27:15 | Role of Policing in the Black Community *footage of racial violence, KKK rallies, and police brutality |
According to Professor Alexander, what has been the role of policing in the Black community? What evidence have you seen to support this claim in this episode, in your community, and/or in the cases of police violence that garner national attention? What did white people fear after the demise of slavery? What systems and structures, legal and extralegal, were put in place as a result of this fear? How does Alexander define their purpose? What did African Americans learn after the civil rights movement? What are the limits of the law? Nikole Hannah-Jones shares recent reports that have found the presence of white supremacists and white supremacist thought among law enforcement. What is your response to this information? Why are these reports important to address? |
27:16-28:42 | Interlude: Unrelenting Pursuit of Black Liberation | What are some of the strategies Black people have used in their struggles for freedom and liberty? What have been some of the social and political responses to these attempts by Black people to assert their rights? |
28:43-32:42 | Post-Civil Rights Rebellion; Militarization of the Police Force *footage of weapons, police holding guns |
According to Dr. Elizabeth Hinton, how did the rebellions that broke out in the late 1960s and 1970s reveal a shift in protest strategy? Why does she argue this shift was a logical one? What was the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act? What have been some of the lasting impacts of this law? What is your response to seeing the government use military-grade weaponry against American citizens? What does this reveal about the ways the government interprets calls for justice? What does Elizabeth Hinton say about the classification of Black protests as riots? How does it distract from the true goals of those participating? |
32:42-34:56 | Derrick Ingram’s Reflections on Ferguson Protests | Derrick shares a childhood story about watching a police officer harass and wrongfully ticket his dad. What impact did the experience have on him? Do you think he is correct in his assumption that stories like his are common? |
34:57-37:30 | Summer 2020 Protests & Response |
Do you remember hearing about the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020? Are you surprised to hear that over 93% of the 7,000 protests that summer were nonviolent? How did law enforcement respond to these protests even when demonstrators were peaceful? What laws were passed in the wake of Black Lives Matter protests? How do these laws impact the right to free speech and protest? Why could these laws be considered anti-democratic? |
37:31-43:50 | Impact of State Violence: Derrick Ingram’s Story *gunshots |
How did the state violence in response to Black Lives Matter impact Derrick Ingram? What does Ingram’s story teach us about the importance of community care as a part of activism? How did Ingram's activist training prepare him for the standoff with police at his apartment? What were his main fears and concerns during the six-hour standoff? How does the police treatment of Derrick during the standoff justify these concerns? |
43:51-46:10 | Government Surveillance of Black Leaders and Organizations | What is government surveillance? What parallels do Dr. Elizabeth Hinton and Nikole Hannah-Jones share between government surveillance of Black community leaders and activists historically and surveillance of Black community leaders and activists today? |
46:11-48:20 | Derrick’s Story: End of Standoff With Police *visual of someone flipping their middle finger |
How did Derrick’s community rally around him during the standoff with police? In the end, the police did not have a warrant for Derrick’s arrest. Why do you think they dedicated so much time and resources to the false statement that they did? |
48:22-53:23 | Jemel Robertson’s Story: The Impact of His Murder | How did Jemel Robertson’s death impact his children and family? What steps did Robertson’s family take to try and hold Ian Covey accountable for his murder? What type of accountability was the family offered in the end? Do you think this approach to accountability for police violence is sustainable for city government or helpful to community members? |
53:24-54:02 | Derrick’s Story | How did the standoff with police impact Derrick? What do you think accountability might look like for the police officers that targeted Derrick? |
54:03-54:56 | Closing: Fear of Black Americans | Nikole Hannah-Jones says that there are 400-year-old stereotypes about Black Americans. What are some ways to challenge and interrupt those stereotypes when you come across them? |
Some questions to consider after viewing:
- How has viewing this episode changed your understanding of the fears that lead to surveillance and control of Black Americans?
- How are imagery and audio used to help with storytelling in this episode? How is the experience of viewing the docuseries similar or different to reading the text?
- What additional research do you want to do about U.S. history after learning about the ways in which research can expand your understanding of a topic?
The 1619 Project is a Hulu documentary series expanding on The 1619 Project initiative created by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones for The New York Times Magazine. The six-part series seeks to reframe the country’s history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of Black Americans at the very center of our national narrative. You can view the documentary series at hulu.com/series/the-1619-project.
Episode 6: Justice
“Justice” examines the systemic causes of the lasting Racial Wealth Gap between Black and white Americans and presents solutions for how the harm caused by those unjust systems and policies can be repaired. It explores the case for reparations for Black Americans through historical analysis, presentation of relevant data, and the personal accounts of Black American families and communities.
Themes in this episode include:
- Historic Fights for Reparations
- Understanding The Racial Wealth Gap
Some of the history and personal stories told in this episode are hard to listen to because they describe violence and painful events. We suggest having a classroom social-emotional learning protocol for engaging with hard histories and inviting students to think through how they can care for themselves when things are both important to know and difficult to listen to.
Some questions to consider before viewing:
- What is reparation? Why do people expect a repair for harm?
- What is justice? How have you heard it defined? What is the relationship between justice and reparation?
- Some of the history and personal stories told in this episode are hard to listen to because they describe painful events. What can we do to take care of ourselves when something is both important to hear and difficult to listen to?
Viewing Guide
Time Stamp | Main Topic | Questions to Consider |
00:00-01:35 | Introduction: Emancipation with no Repair | Nikole Hannah-Jones reads a Fredrick Douglass quote comparing the experience of different groups of people emancipated from exploitative labor systems. What does Douglass observe about Black people emancipated from the institution of American chattel slavery? Why is this an important observation to make when we engage with United States history? |
01:36-2:33 | Interlude: Mythologies of Progress & Equality | What is mythology? How is mythology both related to and distinct from history and science? What does Hannah-Jones say the mythologies about American progress overlook? Why is distribution of wealth an important factor to consider when evaluating whether or not a society is progressive and equal? |
02:34-03:54 | Defining Wealth | How does Hannah-Jones define wealth? What does wealth allow an individual to do? How does a lack of wealth impact a person or community? |
03:55-12:45 | Personal Account: Descendants of Harris Neck | Why did Jadon Relaford begin his horse ranch? Why has he struggled to expand his business? How might Relaford’s experience be different if his family’s land was not taken by the government? What does it mean for the government to cite eminent domain? Do you think that a government should be able to displace people? Why or why not? What responsibility does a government have to people they displace?What do we learn about the Harris Neck community from Mr. Wilson Moran and Ms. Olive Smith? How do their descriptions help to bring the community to life? |
09:05-10:35 | Interlude: The Stealing of Harris Neck | How long were the citizens of Harris Neck given to evacuate? What were the consequences if they failed to do so? What were some of the things lost by the citizens of Harris Neck during their displacement? How did this loss impact the residents whose voice recordings we hear in this section? |
10:36-13:00 | The Displacement of Black Communities | Why did Wilson Moran feel his parents were unable to fight against the displacement of their community? What did land ownership symbolize to the residents of Harris Neck? Are you familiar with the history of the other displaced communities mentioned in this section? How can you learn more about the ways the U.S. government has historically used eminent domain and other powers to displace Black citizens? |
13:00-20:39 | Moustafa Shaw’s Story; Special Field Order No. 15 | Why is it important to understand both slavery and the Jim Crow era as systems of exploitation? How did Dr. Allison Dorsey learn about Moustafa Shaw? What tools and resources does she mention using to trace the lives of enslaved people? What did Special Field Order No. 15 request? Why was the order initially put into place? What were the immediate and long-term impacts of Andrew Johnson rescinding this order? What was the Homestead Act? How long was this government policy in place? What were immediate and long-term effects of the Homestead Act for white Americans? How did Moustafa Shaw resist enslavement and challenge white supremacy? In what ways were Shaw’s descendants cheated of the legacy he hoped to leave for them? |
20:39-22:04 | Fate of Harris Neck | How did Macintosh County use the Harris Neck land? What is it now used for? William Moran states that returning the Harris Neck land to the descendants is the only way the government can begin to repair the harm that was caused. How might owning the land again help the community begin to heal from its trauma? |
22:05-23:32 | Interlude: The Struggle for Reparations | What is one of the earliest examples of Black Americans’ fight for reparations? Hannah-Jones argues that the case for reparations does not end with slavery. What are the other factors she says must be taken into account? How would taking these factors into account change the general conversation around the need for reparations? |
23:33-24:59 | Interlude: The Great Migration | What choice did some residents of Harris Neck make after the government destroyed their community? How did their decision mirror those that other Black Americans made during the Great Migration? |
25:00-29:00 | Sharecropping in the Mississippi Delta | According to Hannah-Jones, what was at the heart of the violence of the Jim Crow South? What evidence from that time period supports her claim? What is sharecropping? How was it designed to be a system of exploitative labor? How do Hannah-Jones and Sylvester Hoover highlight the scope and scale of this practice in the South? When did Hoover first start to see change in the lived experiences offered to Black people in his community? How does this reflection inform the way you think about the lasting legacy of slavery? |
29:01-35:48 | The Great Migration, the Great Depression, and the New Deal (Or Raw Deal for African Americans) | How did the Great Depression impact all Americans economically? In what ways did the New Deal put in place by Franklin Roosevelt to address these issues shut out Black Americans? What does Andre Perry mean when he says the New Deal represented the first Affirmative Action policy for white Americans? What example does he use to illustrate this argument? What is redlining? How long was the period in which redlining legally took place? |
35:49-37:09 | Interlude: Impact of Poverty on Black Americans | How do the images, facts, and statistics in this section illustrate the gap between the labor and contributions of Black Americans and the reflection of that work in Black communities? |
37:10-42:30 | The Defining Cause of the Racial Wealth Gap | What statistics does Dr. William Darity provide on the racial wealth gap? Why might these statistics serve as evidence of a maldistribution of wealth? What are the limitations of the legislation passed during the civil rights movement in repairing the harm of forced labor and labor exploitation of Black people? What did civil rights legislation impact and not impact? According to Hannah-Jones, what is one defining feature of Black life in America? What evidence do she and Dr. Darity present to dispute this? Why do you think myths and narratives of Black dysfunction persist despite the evidence? How does the story of Hannah-Jones’ grandmother’s house illustrate the lasting impact of the wealth gap on Black families and communities? |
42:31-47:30 | The Harris Neck Movement | How did the residents of the Harris Neck community salvage their church building during the government destruction? Why do you think this was important to them to do? What was the goal of Harris Neck Movement when it began? How did the government respond to the efforts of Harris Neck Residents in the movement? |
47:30-56:46 | The Fight for Reparations | What are said to be the origins of the reparations movement in America? Are you familiar with this history at all? What was Bill H.R. 40? How long did John Conyers fight to get the bill passed? What does Dr. Darity say is the solution to closing the racial wealth gap? Why does he believe some people find this solution controversial? According to Andre Perry, how can we create a reparative culture? How does he think this could be impactful long term? Why does Perry suggest that issues of wealth equality for Black Americans need to be central in legislative packages for politicians? Why do you think this has not been the case for the majority?What does the argument that we are too far removed from the period of American chattel slavery to consider reparations refuse to take into account? |
56:47-59:09 | The Hope of Harris Neck Descendents | What is Jadon Relaford’s definition of restitution? What would he consider restitution for Harris Neck descendents? |
59:11-1:01:15 | Closing | What were the ideals on which America was founded? Why can they be considered hypocritical when we take the treatment of Black Americans into context? How does Nikole Hannah-Jones believe the country can begin to live up to those ideals on which America was founded? How might this process benefit all Americans? |
Some questions to consider after viewing:
- How has viewing this episode helped to expand your understanding of the racial wealth gap in America? How has it expanded your understanding of the argument for reparations for Black Americans?
- How are imagery and audio used to help with storytelling in this episode? How is the experience of viewing the docuseries similar or different to reading the text?
- What additional research do you want to do about U.S. history after learning about the ways in which research can expand your understanding of a topic?